[Solved] Week 2

Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Can someone help me complete this?

**files (2)**

– ## SystemsofPsychotherapy.pdf

– ## Systemsstudyguide2024.pdf

**## SystemsofPsychotherapy.pdf**

Systems of Psychotherapy

Text:

Gerald Corey (2013, 2009) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychothearpy, 10th edition,

Engage Learning, 2013-01-01

Week 2: Ethics in counseling

-Addressing the following:

a. What are some of the ethical tasks necessary with establishing a new

Therapeutic relationship?

b. What information goes into an informed consent? What are the

limitations of confidentiality?

c. Define a dual relationship. How might a dual relationship cause damage?

Link:
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

**## Systemsstudyguide2024.pdf**

ETHICS

The core concern in any discussion of dual relationships is the possibility of abuse of
power and exploitation of the client. The therapist must always guard against abusing
their position of power as a platform for meeting the therapist’s personal needs, whether
it be the therapist’s needs for emotional support, friendship, financial stability, or sexual
gratification. The therapy relationship should always remain single-mindedly focused on
meeting the client’s needs and helping the client to achieve goals in therapy.

Therapists must remain aware of their own personal needs and how they are being met
in their lives, ensuring that a client is never being exploited to meet the therapist's need.
Most often, exploitation is not sexual, but rather may be emotional, such as allowing a
client to be a source of emotional support for the therapist in one way or another.
Another example of exploitation of a client is a therapist choosing to continue to work
with a client despite knowing that the client's issues are outside of the therapist's areas
of expertise and competence, due to concerns about loss of income if the therapist were
to refer the client out to a more specialized therapist. The client deserves to have their
needs met by the most equipped provider, a a therapist must be honest about the
limitations of his/her own areas of competence, experience, and training.

Informed consent refers to the right of clients to be fully informed about the nature of
the therapeutic process, about their rights in the therapy process, their responsibilities
(payment, cancellations, participation in setting goals, honest self-disclosure, etc.) the
counselor’s responsibilities and ethical duties, the boundaries of the therapeutic
relationship, the potential benefits and costs of engaging in therapy, and the limits to
confidentiality.

Part of the purpose of informed consent is to invite the client into a role in which they
feel empowered to make informed decisions on their own behalf, and in which they
have a right to ask questions, provide feedback, and be an active participant in
choosing the course and goals of their own therapy. Establishment of goals for therapy
should be a collaborative process between the client and the therapist. Client who are
active in setting their own goals in therapy are more likely to stay engaged and
committed to the process.

*Confidentiality in the therapeutic context refers to the ethical duty of therapist to
maintain protection of their clients disclosures.

*Therapist must breach confidentiality in the following circumstances:
1) when a client is an imminent danger to themselves or others
2) in the case of abuse of a child, abuse of elderly, or abuse of dependent adult.

3) when the therapist is court ordered to release information, and in this case only the
minimal information required by the court order should be released

4) when the client or parent of a client has signed an authorization specifically
requesting for specific information to be released for a specific purpose (i.e., to allow for
consultation between professionals).

5) In the case of minor clients, parents consent to treatment and parents are the
holders of privilege, meaning that parents have rights to all information shared with
therapist. It is important to discuss these issues with the minor client and to make sure
that they do have an age appropriate understanding of the nature of the therapeutic
relationship and therapy process.
Remember that confidentiality is not just the clients' right but also the therapist's ethical
duty to protect the client's privileged information. A therapist who does not protect their
clients' confidentiality is violating their ethical duties. Also note that when a client is a
grave and imminent danger to self or others, the therapist must seek hospitalization or
emergency services for the client, and if the client is a clear and imminent danger to
another specific person or group, then the therapist has a duty to notify police or the
intended victim of harm.

EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

Existential therapy views human as unique in their capacity for self-reflection and self-
awareness, which provides each of us with the ability to exercise freedom to chose how
we will live and what values we will embrace. With this freedom to chose our lives,
comes anxiety which is an inevitable feature of human existence. Anxiety must be
accepted and experienced, rather than avoided. The goal of existential therapy is to
guide the client in discovering and creating a life that has meaning and purpose. This
requires the client to choose the values that will guide their life and to make decision
about the direction of their lives even in the face of anxiety and uncertainty. Life is
viewed as an adventure in which the client has the freedom to chose their path and
direct their own journey. In the existential approach, the quality of the therapist-client
relationship, in terms of depth, openness, genuineness, and honesty is valued over any
specific technique.

GESTALT

Gestalt therapy stems from the existential framework and was founded by Federick
Perls and Walter Kempler. The focus is on the “here and now”, the current choices,
decisions, and behaviors of the present, rather than a focus on the past. Intellectual
insight into the origins of ones’ problems is considered unnecessary in this model.
Primary goals of Gestalt family therapy are active /honest self-disclosure and open
communication. Self-awareness (knowing and accepting oneself), including awareness
and openness to one’s emotional experiences, and awareness of the mind-body
connection are additional goals of this form of therapy. Becoming “whole” or integrating/
resolving conflicting emotions within oneself is a primary objective. According to this
model, clients need to develop awareness of what they do, how they act, and clients
learn to take responsibility for these actions/choices. Strengths of this approach include
use of creative techniques which allow clients to access their emotional experiences in
the here and now, and the respect given to the client as an expert in their own lives.

Weakness include the lack of attention given to cognition and intellectual insight, as well
as lack of attention to past experiences.

Remember that one primary objective of this form of therapy is to guide the client in
becoming "whole" or integrating disconnecting parts of their sense of self. Much of this
occurs through helping the client to become connected to their own emotions and
internal experience. Also note that the focus is on the present or here-and now, rather
than the past or future.

PERSON CENTERED
The person centered approach is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers. Rogers viewed
humans as being inherently driven to strive to achieve their fullest potential. In order to
move along a pathway of self-actualization, one must experience unconditional positive
regard from others. Without this, the individual experiences conditions of worth, and will
cut off or reject parts of self that are not valued by others. For example, if I feel jealous
of my sister, and I am scolded by my parents for my feelings of jealously, I will
consciously reject that part of my experience, and will then have in-congruency between
my true experience and my sense of self, which thwarts self-actualization. On the other
hand, if my feelings of jealousy are met with empathy and understanding, I will be able
to maintain congruency or "wholeness" in my sense of self. This can then be
internalized to positive self-regard, and will lead to self-actualizing tendencies. The
person centered approach seeks to facilitate this congruency or wholeness though
providing unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic relationship.

Motivational Interviewing is an extension of the person centered approach and was
originally designed by William Miller to address problem drinking. Motivational
Interviewing (MI) embraces the key features of a person centered approach in focusing
on empathy, reflective listening, positive regard, and a belief in each person’s inherent
potential for growth. The goals of MI include reducing client’s ambivalence or mixed
feelings about making behavioral changes and gently guiding the client towards setting
goals for change within their own lives. Note that MI is non-confrontational and
emphasizes acceptance of and respect for the client’s perspective, feelings, and goals.
The therapist never pushes his or her own goals onto the client. Note that one key
intervention in MI is for the therapist to selectively attend to and highlight any
statements made by the client that suggest consideration of behavioral change or even
just unhappiness with the status quo. The use of reflective listening is central to this
approach, and the therapist uses reflective listening to act as human highlighter for the
client, drawing his or her attention to his/her own statements that indicate a desire for
change. Motivational Interviewing components/goals include

(1)Express empathy through reflective listening.
(2) highlight discrepancy between clients' goals or values and their current behavior.

(3) Avoid argument and direct confrontation.
(4)Adjust to client resistance rather than opposing it directly.
(5)Support self-efficacy and optimism.

CBT

CBT views thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as being closely linked. Depression and
Anxiety are viewed within a framework that breaks down the symptoms into a 5 part
model: thoughts, feelings, physical sensations or physical experiences, behavioral
reactions, and the environment. Intervention focus on changing either automatic
thoughts, or problematic patterns of behavior. To treat depression, thought records are
often used to help clients to identify automatic thoughts in relation to specific situations
and to help them explore the evidence both for and against these automatic thoughts. In
doing so, the client is able to arrive at a more balanced and less negative perspective of
themselves, others, or the future. Also, depression is treated through behavioral
activation in which the client learns to schedule into their day activities and experiences
that will enhance their mood state. Clients learn to follow their schedule rather than their
feeling state, as our depressed mood state will often guide us to withdraw and
disengage from life. In the case of anxiety, exposure therapy is used to empower clients
to feel capable of managing anxiety in response to specific situations or thoughts.
Exposure therapy involves therapist-supported process of gradually and repeatedly
facing situations, things, or ideas that cause marked distress for the client. Note that in
exposure therapy, the client is NOT encouraged to use relaxation techniques to avoid
experiencing anxiety, rather the person learns to tolerate the anxiety during exposure
therapy and learns that 1) anxiety is not harmful, just uncomfortable, 2) anxiety fades on
its own if you stay in the situation long enough or repeat your exposure often enough.
The client will usually have the therapist immediate support in facing the anxiety
producing situations initially, and will repeat exposures on their own for “homework” or
practice. The client will gradually progress through a “hierarchy” of feared situations,
people, places, things, thoughts. Exposure therapy helps clients to let go of unhealthy
avoidance behaviors, safety behaviors, and rituals that may be keeping them stuck and
limiting their freedom. Exposure therapy is highly effective in resolving anxiety
symptoms, but many clients are fearful of engaging in it. This is why the quality of the
therapist-client is so very important. CBT focuses on creating a warm, collaborative
therapist-client relationship that is not authoritative and that gently invites clients to
explore their thoughts, “experiment” with new ways of acting/coping. Collaboration and
socratic methods are important in CBT.

POST MODERN THERAPIES

SFBT
Solution focused therapy is by nature brief and focuses only on solving the client’s
presenting problem. This approach does not include assessment of causes of the
presenting problem, but rather is future-focused with the goal of helping the client to
envision the future that they desire. The Miracle question poses to the client the
following scenario: “If a miracle occurred last night and your problem was solved, how
would you know it was solved? what would be different? “ This question opens the client
up to future possibilities, which often allows the client to discover potential solutions.

The underlying assumption is that clients possesses the tools and the ability to find their
own solutions to their problems, they just need guidance to discover these options for
themselves. In this therapy, we look for “exceptions” or times in their life when the
problem did not exist or was minimal. What was different in their life when the problem
did not exist or did not bother them? One weakness to this approach is that only the
presented problem is addressed, while underlying or contributing issues may remain
unresolved, which could lead to emergence of additional problems due to the root cause
not being addressed. Strengths include the short duration of treatment and emphasis on
future-focused active solutions.

**## Systemsstudyguide2024.pdf**

ETHICS

The core concern in any discussion of dual relationships is the possibility of abuse of
power and exploitation of the client. The therapist must always guard against abusing
their position of power as a platform for meeting the therapist’s personal needs, whether
it be the therapist’s needs for emotional support, friendship, financial stability, or sexual
gratification. The therapy relationship should always remain single-mindedly focused on
meeting the client’s needs and helping the client to achieve goals in therapy.

Therapists must remain aware of their own personal needs and how they are being met
in their lives, ensuring that a client is never being exploited to meet the therapist's need.
Most often, exploitation is not sexual, but rather may be emotional, such as allowing a
client to be a source of emotional support for the therapist in one way or another.
Another example of exploitation of a client is a therapist choosing to continue to work
with a client despite knowing that the client's issues are outside of the therapist's areas
of expertise and competence, due to concerns about loss of income if the therapist were
to refer the client out to a more specialized therapist. The client deserves to have their
needs met by the most equipped provider, a a therapist must be honest about the
limitations of his/her own areas of competence, experience, and training.

Informed consent refers to the right of clients to be fully informed about the nature of
the therapeutic process, about their rights in the therapy process, their responsibilities
(payment, cancellations, participation in setting goals, honest self-disclosure, etc.) the
counselor’s responsibilities and ethical duties, the boundaries of the therapeutic
relationship, the potential benefits and costs of engaging in therapy, and the limits to
confidentiality.

Part of the purpose of informed consent is to invite the client into a role in which they
feel empowered to make informed decisions on their own behalf, and in which they
have a right to ask questions, provide feedback, and be an active participant in
choosing the course and goals of their own therapy. Establishment of goals for therapy
should be a collaborative process between the client and the therapist. Client who are
active in setting their own goals in therapy are more likely to stay engaged and
committed to the process.

*Confidentiality in the therapeutic context refers to the ethical duty of therapist to
maintain protection of their clients disclosures.

*Therapist must breach confidentiality in the following circumstances:
1) when a client is an imminent danger to themselves or others
2) in the case of abuse of a child, abuse of elderly, or abuse of dependent adult.

3) when the therapist is court ordered to release information, and in this case only the
minimal information required by the court order should be released

4) when the client or parent of a client has signed an authorization specifically
requesting for specific information to be released for a specific purpose (i.e., to allow for
consultation between professionals).

5) In the case of minor clients, parents consent to treatment and parents are the
holders of privilege, meaning that parents have rights to all information shared with
therapist. It is important to discuss these issues with the minor client and to make sure
that they do have an age appropriate understanding of the nature of the therapeutic
relationship and therapy process.
Remember that confidentiality is not just the clients' right but also the therapist's ethical
duty to protect the client's privileged information. A therapist who does not protect their
clients' confidentiality is violating their ethical duties. Also note that when a client is a
grave and imminent danger to self or others, the therapist must seek hospitalization or
emergency services for the client, and if the client is a clear and imminent danger to
another specific person or group, then the therapist has a duty to notify police or the
intended victim of harm.

EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

Existential therapy views human as unique in their capacity for self-reflection and self-
awareness, which provides each of us with the ability to exercise freedom to chose how
we will live and what values we will embrace. With this freedom to chose our lives,
comes anxiety which is an inevitable feature of human existence. Anxiety must be
accepted and experienced, rather than avoided. The goal of existential therapy is to
guide the client in discovering and creating a life that has meaning and purpose. This
requires the client to choose the values that will guide their life and to make decision
about the direction of their lives even in the face of anxiety and uncertainty. Life is
viewed as an adventure in which the client has the freedom to chose their path and
direct their own journey. In the existential approach, the quality of the therapist-client
relationship, in terms of depth, openness, genuineness, and honesty is valued over any
specific technique.

GESTALT

Gestalt therapy stems from the existential framework and was founded by Federick
Perls and Walter Kempler. The focus is on the “here and now”, the current choices,
decisions, and behaviors of the present, rather than a focus on the past. Intellectual
insight into the origins of ones’ problems is considered unnecessary in this model.
Primary goals of Gestalt family therapy are active /honest self-disclosure and open
communication. Self-awareness (knowing and accepting oneself), including awareness
and openness to one’s emotional experiences, and awareness of the mind-body
connection are additional goals of this form of therapy. Becoming “whole” or integrating/
resolving conflicting emotions within oneself is a primary objective. According to this
model, clients need to develop awareness of what they do, how they act, and clients
learn to take responsibility for these actions/choices. Strengths of this approach include
use of creative techniques which allow clients to access their emotional experiences in
the here and now, and the respect given to the client as an expert in their own lives.

Weakness include the lack of attention given to cognition and intellectual insight, as well
as lack of attention to past experiences.

Remember that one primary objective of this form of therapy is to guide the client in
becoming "whole" or integrating disconnecting parts of their sense of self. Much of this
occurs through helping the client to become connected to their own emotions and
internal experience. Also note that the focus is on the present or here-and now, rather
than the past or future.

PERSON CENTERED
The person centered approach is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers. Rogers viewed
humans as being inherently driven to strive to achieve their fullest potential. In order to
move along a pathway of self-actualization, one must experience unconditional positive
regard from others. Without this, the individual experiences conditions of worth, and will
cut off or reject parts of self that are not valued by others. For example, if I feel jealous
of my sister, and I am scolded by my parents for my feelings of jealously, I will
consciously reject that part of my experience, and will then have in-congruency between
my true experience and my sense of self, which thwarts self-actualization. On the other
hand, if my feelings of jealousy are met with empathy and understanding, I will be able
to maintain congruency or "wholeness" in my sense of self. This can then be
internalized to positive self-regard, and will lead to self-actualizing tendencies. The
person centered approach seeks to facilitate this congruency or wholeness though
providing unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic relationship.

Motivational Interviewing is an extension of the person centered approach and was
originally designed by William Miller to address problem drinking. Motivational
Interviewing (MI) embraces the key features of a person centered approach in focusing
on empathy, reflective listening, positive regard, and a belief in each person’s inherent
potential for growth. The goals of MI include reducing client’s ambivalence or mixed
feelings about making behavioral changes and gently guiding the client towards setting
goals for change within their own lives. Note that MI is non-confrontational and
emphasizes acceptance of and respect for the client’s perspective, feelings, and goals.
The therapist never pushes his or her own goals onto the client. Note that one key
intervention in MI is for the therapist to selectively attend to and highlight any
statements made by the client that suggest consideration of behavioral change or even
just unhappiness with the status quo. The use of reflective listening is central to this
approach, and the therapist uses reflective listening to act as human highlighter for the
client, drawing his or her attention to his/her own statements that indicate a desire for
change. Motivational Interviewing components/goals include

(1)Express empathy through reflective listening.
(2) highlight discrepancy between clients' goals or values and their current behavior.

(3) Avoid argument and direct confrontation.
(4)Adjust to client resistance rather than opposing it directly.
(5)Support self-efficacy and optimism.

CBT

CBT views thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as being closely linked. Depression and
Anxiety are viewed within a framework that breaks down the symptoms into a 5 part
model: thoughts, feelings, physical sensations or physical experiences, behavioral
reactions, and the environment. Intervention focus on changing either automatic
thoughts, or problematic patterns of behavior. To treat depression, thought records are
often used to help clients to identify automatic thoughts in relation to specific situations
and to help them explore the evidence both for and against these automatic thoughts. In
doing so, the client is able to arrive at a more balanced and less negative perspective of
themselves, others, or the future. Also, depression is treated through behavioral
activation in which the client learns to schedule into their day activities and experiences
that will enhance their mood state. Clients learn to follow their schedule rather than their
feeling state, as our depressed mood state will often guide us to withdraw and
disengage from life. In the case of anxiety, exposure therapy is used to empower clients
to feel capable of managing anxiety in response to specific situations or thoughts.
Exposure therapy involves therapist-supported process of gradually and repeatedly
facing situations, things, or ideas that cause marked distress for the client. Note that in
exposure therapy, the client is NOT encouraged to use relaxation techniques to avoid
experiencing anxiety, rather the person learns to tolerate the anxiety during exposure
therapy and learns that 1) anxiety is not harmful, just uncomfortable, 2) anxiety fades on
its own if you stay in the situation long enough or repeat your exposure often enough.
The client will usually have the therapist immediate support in facing the anxiety
producing situations initially, and will repeat exposures on their own for “homework” or
practice. The client will gradually progress through a “hierarchy” of feared situations,
people, places, things, thoughts. Exposure therapy helps clients to let go of unhealthy
avoidance behaviors, safety behaviors, and rituals that may be keeping them stuck and
limiting their freedom. Exposure therapy is highly effective in resolving anxiety
symptoms, but many clients are fearful of engaging in it. This is why the quality of the
therapist-client is so very important. CBT focuses on creating a warm, collaborative
therapist-client relationship that is not authoritative and that gently invites clients to
explore their thoughts, “experiment” with new ways of acting/coping. Collaboration and
socratic methods are important in CBT.

POST MODERN THERAPIES

SFBT
Solution focused therapy is by nature brief and focuses only on solving the client’s
presenting problem. This approach does not include assessment of causes of the
presenting problem, but rather is future-focused with the goal of helping the client to
envision the future that they desire. The Miracle question poses to the client the
following scenario: “If a miracle occurred last night and your problem was solved, how
would you know it was solved? what would be different? “ This question opens the client
up to future possibilities, which often allows the client to discover potential solutions.

The underlying assumption is that clients possesses the tools and the ability to find their
own solutions to their problems, they just need guidance to discover these options for
themselves. In this therapy, we look for “exceptions” or times in their life when the
problem did not exist or was minimal. What was different in their life when the problem
did not exist or did not bother them? One weakness to this approach is that only the
presented problem is addressed, while underlying or contributing issues may remain
unresolved, which could lead to emergence of additional problems due to the root cause
not being addressed. Strengths include the short duration of treatment and emphasis on
future-focused active solutions.

**## SystemsofPsychotherapy.pdf**

Systems of Psychotherapy

Text:

Gerald Corey (2013, 2009) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychothearpy, 10th edition,

Engage Learning, 2013-01-01

Week 2: Ethics in counseling

-Addressing the following:

a. What are some of the ethical tasks necessary with establishing a new

Therapeutic relationship?

b. What information goes into an informed consent? What are the

limitations of confidentiality?

c. Define a dual relationship. How might a dual relationship cause damage?

Link:
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

**## Systemsstudyguide2024.pdf**

ETHICS

The core concern in any discussion of dual relationships is the possibility of abuse of
power and exploitation of the client. The therapist must always guard against abusing
their position of power as a platform for meeting the therapist’s personal needs, whether
it be the therapist’s needs for emotional support, friendship, financial stability, or sexual
gratification. The therapy relationship should always remain single-mindedly focused on
meeting the client’s needs and helping the client to achieve goals in therapy.

Therapists must remain aware of their own personal needs and how they are being met
in their lives, ensuring that a client is never being exploited to meet the therapist's need.
Most often, exploitation is not sexual, but rather may be emotional, such as allowing a
client to be a source of emotional support for the therapist in one way or another.
Another example of exploitation of a client is a therapist choosing to continue to work
with a client despite knowing that the client's issues are outside of the therapist's areas
of expertise and competence, due to concerns about loss of income if the therapist were
to refer the client out to a more specialized therapist. The client deserves to have their
needs met by the most equipped provider, a a therapist must be honest about the
limitations of his/her own areas of competence, experience, and training.

Informed consent refers to the right of clients to be fully informed about the nature of
the therapeutic process, about their rights in the therapy process, their responsibilities
(payment, cancellations, participation in setting goals, honest self-disclosure, etc.) the
counselor’s responsibilities and ethical duties, the boundaries of the therapeutic
relationship, the potential benefits and costs of engaging in therapy, and the limits to
confidentiality.

Part of the purpose of informed consent is to invite the client into a role in which they
feel empowered to make informed decisions on their own behalf, and in which they
have a right to ask questions, provide feedback, and be an active participant in
choosing the course and goals of their own therapy. Establishment of goals for therapy
should be a collaborative process between the client and the therapist. Client who are
active in setting their own goals in therapy are more likely to stay engaged and
committed to the process.

*Confidentiality in the therapeutic context refers to the ethical duty of therapist to
maintain protection of their clients disclosures.

*Therapist must breach confidentiality in the following circumstances:
1) when a client is an imminent danger to themselves or others
2) in the case of abuse of a child, abuse of elderly, or abuse of dependent adult.

3) when the therapist is court ordered to release information, and in this case only the
minimal information required by the court order should be released

4) when the client or parent of a client has signed an authorization specifically
requesting for specific information to be released for a specific purpose (i.e., to allow for
consultation between professionals).

5) In the case of minor clients, parents consent to treatment and parents are the
holders of privilege, meaning that parents have rights to all information shared with
therapist. It is important to discuss these issues with the minor client and to make sure
that they do have an age appropriate understanding of the nature of the therapeutic
relationship and therapy process.
Remember that confidentiality is not just the clients' right but also the therapist's ethical
duty to protect the client's privileged information. A therapist who does not protect their
clients' confidentiality is violating their ethical duties. Also note that when a client is a
grave and imminent danger to self or others, the therapist must seek hospitalization or
emergency services for the client, and if the client is a clear and imminent danger to
another specific person or group, then the therapist has a duty to notify police or the
intended victim of harm.

EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

Existential therapy views human as unique in their capacity for self-reflection and self-
awareness, which provides each of us with the ability to exercise freedom to chose how
we will live and what values we will embrace. With this freedom to chose our lives,
comes anxiety which is an inevitable feature of human existence. Anxiety must be
accepted and experienced, rather than avoided. The goal of existential therapy is to
guide the client in discovering and creating a life that has meaning and purpose. This
requires the client to choose the values that will guide their life and to make decision
about the direction of their lives even in the face of anxiety and uncertainty. Life is
viewed as an adventure in which the client has the freedom to chose their path and
direct their own journey. In the existential approach, the quality of the therapist-client
relationship, in terms of depth, openness, genuineness, and honesty is valued over any
specific technique.

GESTALT

Gestalt therapy stems from the existential framework and was founded by Federick
Perls and Walter Kempler. The focus is on the “here and now”, the current choices,
decisions, and behaviors of the present, rather than a focus on the past. Intellectual
insight into the origins of ones’ problems is considered unnecessary in this model.
Primary goals of Gestalt family therapy are active /honest self-disclosure and open
communication. Self-awareness (knowing and accepting oneself), including awareness
and openness to one’s emotional experiences, and awareness of the mind-body
connection are additional goals of this form of therapy. Becoming “whole” or integrating/
resolving conflicting emotions within oneself is a primary objective. According to this
model, clients need to develop awareness of what they do, how they act, and clients
learn to take responsibility for these actions/choices. Strengths of this approach include
use of creative techniques which allow clients to access their emotional experiences in
the here and now, and the respect given to the client as an expert in their own lives.

Weakness include the lack of attention given to cognition and intellectual insight, as well
as lack of attention to past experiences.

Remember that one primary objective of this form of therapy is to guide the client in
becoming "whole" or integrating disconnecting parts of their sense of self. Much of this
occurs through helping the client to become connected to their own emotions and
internal experience. Also note that the focus is on the present or here-and now, rather
than the past or future.

PERSON CENTERED
The person centered approach is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers. Rogers viewed
humans as being inherently driven to strive to achieve their fullest potential. In order to
move along a pathway of self-actualization, one must experience unconditional positive
regard from others. Without this, the individual experiences conditions of worth, and will
cut off or reject parts of self that are not valued by others. For example, if I feel jealous
of my sister, and I am scolded by my parents for my feelings of jealously, I will
consciously reject that part of my experience, and will then have in-congruency between
my true experience and my sense of self, which thwarts self-actualization. On the other
hand, if my feelings of jealousy are met with empathy and understanding, I will be able
to maintain congruency or "wholeness" in my sense of self. This can then be
internalized to positive self-regard, and will lead to self-actualizing tendencies. The
person centered approach seeks to facilitate this congruency or wholeness though
providing unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic relationship.

Motivational Interviewing is an extension of the person centered approach and was
originally designed by William Miller to address problem drinking. Motivational
Interviewing (MI) embraces the key features of a person centered approach in focusing
on empathy, reflective listening, positive regard, and a belief in each person’s inherent
potential for growth. The goals of MI include reducing client’s ambivalence or mixed
feelings about making behavioral changes and gently guiding the client towards setting
goals for change within their own lives. Note that MI is non-confrontational and
emphasizes acceptance of and respect for the client’s perspective, feelings, and goals.
The therapist never pushes his or her own goals onto the client. Note that one key
intervention in MI is for the therapist to selectively attend to and highlight any
statements made by the client that suggest consideration of behavioral change or even
just unhappiness with the status quo. The use of reflective listening is central to this
approach, and the therapist uses reflective listening to act as human highlighter for the
client, drawing his or her attention to his/her own statements that indicate a desire for
change. Motivational Interviewing components/goals include

(1)Express empathy through reflective listening.
(2) highlight discrepancy between clients' goals or values and their current behavior.

(3) Avoid argument and direct confrontation.
(4)Adjust to client resistance rather than opposing it directly.
(5)Support self-efficacy and optimism.

CBT

CBT views thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as being closely linked. Depression and
Anxiety are viewed within a framework that breaks down the symptoms into a 5 part
model: thoughts, feelings, physical sensations or physical experiences, behavioral
reactions, and the environment. Intervention focus on changing either automatic
thoughts, or problematic patterns of behavior. To treat depression, thought records are
often used to help clients to identify automatic thoughts in relation to specific situations
and to help them explore the evidence both for and against these automatic thoughts. In
doing so, the client is able to arrive at a more balanced and less negative perspective of
themselves, others, or the future. Also, depression is treated through behavioral
activation in which the client learns to schedule into their day activities and experiences
that will enhance their mood state. Clients learn to follow their schedule rather than their
feeling state, as our depressed mood state will often guide us to withdraw and
disengage from life. In the case of anxiety, exposure therapy is used to empower clients
to feel capable of managing anxiety in response to specific situations or thoughts.
Exposure therapy involves therapist-supported process of gradually and repeatedly
facing situations, things, or ideas that cause marked distress for the client. Note that in
exposure therapy, the client is NOT encouraged to use relaxation techniques to avoid
experiencing anxiety, rather the person learns to tolerate the anxiety during exposure
therapy and learns that 1) anxiety is not harmful, just uncomfortable, 2) anxiety fades on
its own if you stay in the situation long enough or repeat your exposure often enough.
The client will usually have the therapist immediate support in facing the anxiety
producing situations initially, and will repeat exposures on their own for “homework” or
practice. The client will gradually progress through a “hierarchy” of feared situations,
people, places, things, thoughts. Exposure therapy helps clients to let go of unhealthy
avoidance behaviors, safety behaviors, and rituals that may be keeping them stuck and
limiting their freedom. Exposure therapy is highly effective in resolving anxiety
symptoms, but many clients are fearful of engaging in it. This is why the quality of the
therapist-client is so very important. CBT focuses on creating a warm, collaborative
therapist-client relationship that is not authoritative and that gently invites clients to
explore their thoughts, “experiment” with new ways of acting/coping. Collaboration and
socratic methods are important in CBT.

POST MODERN THERAPIES

SFBT
Solution focused therapy is by nature brief and focuses only on solving the client’s
presenting problem. This approach does not include assessment of causes of the
presenting problem, but rather is future-focused with the goal of helping the client to
envision the future that they desire. The Miracle question poses to the client the
following scenario: “If a miracle occurred last night and your problem was solved, how
would you know it was solved? what would be different? “ This question opens the client
up to future possibilities, which often allows the client to discover potential solutions.

The underlying assumption is that clients possesses the tools and the ability to find their
own solutions to their problems, they just need guidance to discover these options for
themselves. In this therapy, we look for “exceptions” or times in their life when the
problem did not exist or was minimal. What was different in their life when the problem
did not exist or did not bother them? One weakness to this approach is that only the
presented problem is addressed, while underlying or contributing issues may remain
unresolved, which could lead to emergence of additional problems due to the root cause
not being addressed. Strengths include the short duration of treatment and emphasis on
future-focused active solutions.

**## SystemsofPsychotherapy.pdf**

Systems of Psychotherapy

Text:

Gerald Corey (2013, 2009) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychothearpy, 10th edition,

Engage Learning, 2013-01-01

Week 2: Ethics in counseling

-Addressing the following:

a. What are some of the ethical tasks necessary with establishing a new

Therapeutic relationship?

b. What information goes into an informed consent? What are the

limitations of confidentiality?

c. Define a dual relationship. How might a dual relationship cause damage?

Link:
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

**## Systemsstudyguide2024.pdf**

ETHICS

The core concern in any discussion of dual relationships is the possibility of abuse of
power and exploitation of the client. The therapist must always guard against abusing
their position of power as a platform for meeting the therapist’s personal needs, whether
it be the therapist’s needs for emotional support, friendship, financial stability, or sexual
gratification. The therapy relationship should always remain single-mindedly focused on
meeting the client’s needs and helping the client to achieve goals in therapy.

Therapists must remain aware of their own personal needs and how they are being met
in their lives, ensuring that a client is never being exploited to meet the therapist's need.
Most often, exploitation is not sexual, but rather may be emotional, such as allowing a
client to be a source of emotional support for the therapist in one way or another.
Another example of exploitation of a client is a therapist choosing to continue to work
with a client despite knowing that the client's issues are outside of the therapist's areas
of expertise and competence, due to concerns about loss of income if the therapist were
to refer the client out to a more specialized therapist. The client deserves to have their
needs met by the most equipped provider, a a therapist must be honest about the
limitations of his/her own areas of competence, experience, and training.

Informed consent refers to the right of clients to be fully informed about the nature of
the therapeutic process, about their rights in the therapy process, their responsibilities
(payment, cancellations, participation in setting goals, honest self-disclosure, etc.) the
counselor’s responsibilities and ethical duties, the boundaries of the therapeutic
relationship, the potential benefits and costs of engaging in therapy, and the limits to
confidentiality.

Part of the purpose of informed consent is to invite the client into a role in which they
feel empowered to make informed decisions on their own behalf, and in which they
have a right to ask questions, provide feedback, and be an active participant in
choosing the course and goals of their own therapy. Establishment of goals for therapy
should be a collaborative process between the client and the therapist. Client who are
active in setting their own goals in therapy are more likely to stay engaged and
committed to the process.

*Confidentiality in the therapeutic context refers to the ethical duty of therapist to
maintain protection of their clients disclosures.

*Therapist must breach confidentiality in the following circumstances:
1) when a client is an imminent danger to themselves or others
2) in the case of abuse of a child, abuse of elderly, or abuse of dependent adult.

3) when the therapist is court ordered to release information, and in this case only the
minimal information required by the court order should be released

4) when the client or parent of a client has signed an authorization specifically
requesting for specific information to be released for a specific purpose (i.e., to allow for
consultation between professionals).

5) In the case of minor clients, parents consent to treatment and parents are the
holders of privilege, meaning that parents have rights to all information shared with
therapist. It is important to discuss these issues with the minor client and to make sure
that they do have an age appropriate understanding of the nature of the therapeutic
relationship and therapy process.
Remember that confidentiality is not just the clients' right but also the therapist's ethical
duty to protect the client's privileged information. A therapist who does not protect their
clients' confidentiality is violating their ethical duties. Also note that when a client is a
grave and imminent danger to self or others, the therapist must seek hospitalization or
emergency services for the client, and if the client is a clear and imminent danger to
another specific person or group, then the therapist has a duty to notify police or the
intended victim of harm.

EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

Existential therapy views human as unique in their capacity for self-reflection and self-
awareness, which provides each of us with the ability to exercise freedom to chose how
we will live and what values we will embrace. With this freedom to chose our lives,
comes anxiety which is an inevitable feature of human existence. Anxiety must be
accepted and experienced, rather than avoided. The goal of existential therapy is to
guide the client in discovering and creating a life that has meaning and purpose. This
requires the client to choose the values that will guide their life and to make decision
about the direction of their lives even in the face of anxiety and uncertainty. Life is
viewed as an adventure in which the client has the freedom to chose their path and
direct their own journey. In the existential approach, the quality of the therapist-client
relationship, in terms of depth, openness, genuineness, and honesty is valued over any
specific technique.

GESTALT

Gestalt therapy stems from the existential framework and was founded by Federick
Perls and Walter Kempler. The focus is on the “here and now”, the current choices,
decisions, and behaviors of the present, rather than a focus on the past. Intellectual
insight into the origins of ones’ problems is considered unnecessary in this model.
Primary goals of Gestalt family therapy are active /honest self-disclosure and open
communication. Self-awareness (knowing and accepting oneself), including awareness
and openness to one’s emotional experiences, and awareness of the mind-body
connection are additional goals of this form of therapy. Becoming “whole” or integrating/
resolving conflicting emotions within oneself is a primary objective. According to this
model, clients need to develop awareness of what they do, how they act, and clients
learn to take responsibility for these actions/choices. Strengths of this approach include
use of creative techniques which allow clients to access their emotional experiences in
the here and now, and the respect given to the client as an expert in their own lives.

Weakness include the lack of attention given to cognition and intellectual insight, as well
as lack of attention to past experiences.

Remember that one primary objective of this form of therapy is to guide the client in
becoming "whole" or integrating disconnecting parts of their sense of self. Much of this
occurs through helping the client to become connected to their own emotions and
internal experience. Also note that the focus is on the present or here-and now, rather
than the past or future.

PERSON CENTERED
The person centered approach is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers. Rogers viewed
humans as being inherently driven to strive to achieve their fullest potential. In order to
move along a pathway of self-actualization, one must experience unconditional positive
regard from others. Without this, the individual experiences conditions of worth, and will
cut off or reject parts of self that are not valued by others. For example, if I feel jealous
of my sister, and I am scolded by my parents for my feelings of jealously, I will
consciously reject that part of my experience, and will then have in-congruency between
my true experience and my sense of self, which thwarts self-actualization. On the other
hand, if my feelings of jealousy are met with empathy and understanding, I will be able
to maintain congruency or "wholeness" in my sense of self. This can then be
internalized to positive self-regard, and will lead to self-actualizing tendencies. The
person centered approach seeks to facilitate this congruency or wholeness though
providing unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic relationship.

Motivational Interviewing is an extension of the person centered approach and was
originally designed by William Miller to address problem drinking. Motivational
Interviewing (MI) embraces the key features of a person centered approach in focusing
on empathy, reflective listening, positive regard, and a belief in each person’s inherent
potential for growth. The goals of MI include reducing client’s ambivalence or mixed
feelings about making behavioral changes and gently guiding the client towards setting
goals for change within their own lives. Note that MI is non-confrontational and
emphasizes acceptance of and respect for the client’s perspective, feelings, and goals.
The therapist never pushes his or her own goals onto the client. Note that one key
intervention in MI is for the therapist to selectively attend to and highlight any
statements made by the client that suggest consideration of behavioral change or even
just unhappiness with the status quo. The use of reflective listening is central to this
approach, and the therapist uses reflective listening to act as human highlighter for the
client, drawing his or her attention to his/her own statements that indicate a desire for
change. Motivational Interviewing components/goals include

(1)Express empathy through reflective listening.
(2) highlight discrepancy between clients' goals or values and their current behavior.

(3) Avoid argument and direct confrontation.
(4)Adjust to client resistance rather than opposing it directly.
(5)Support self-efficacy and optimism.

CBT

CBT views thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as being closely linked. Depression and
Anxiety are viewed within a framework that breaks down the symptoms into a 5 part
model: thoughts, feelings, physical sensations or physical experiences, behavioral
reactions, and the environment. Intervention focus on changing either automatic
thoughts, or problematic patterns of behavior. To treat depression, thought records are
often used to help clients to identify automatic thoughts in relation to specific situations
and to help them explore the evidence both for and against these automatic thoughts. In
doing so, the client is able to arrive at a more balanced and less negative perspective of
themselves, others, or the future. Also, depression is treated through behavioral
activation in which the client learns to schedule into their day activities and experiences
that will enhance their mood state. Clients learn to follow their schedule rather than their
feeling state, as our depressed mood state will often guide us to withdraw and
disengage from life. In the case of anxiety, exposure therapy is used to empower clients
to feel capable of managing anxiety in response to specific situations or thoughts.
Exposure therapy involves therapist-supported process of gradually and repeatedly
facing situations, things, or ideas that cause marked distress for the client. Note that in
exposure therapy, the client is NOT encouraged to use relaxation techniques to avoid
experiencing anxiety, rather the person learns to tolerate the anxiety during exposure
therapy and learns that 1) anxiety is not harmful, just uncomfortable, 2) anxiety fades on
its own if you stay in the situation long enough or repeat your exposure often enough.
The client will usually have the therapist immediate support in facing the anxiety
producing situations initially, and will repeat exposures on their own for “homework” or
practice. The client will gradually progress through a “hierarchy” of feared situations,
people, places, things, thoughts. Exposure therapy helps clients to let go of unhealthy
avoidance behaviors, safety behaviors, and rituals that may be keeping them stuck and
limiting their freedom. Exposure therapy is highly effective in resolving anxiety
symptoms, but many clients are fearful of engaging in it. This is why the quality of the
therapist-client is so very important. CBT focuses on creating a warm, collaborative
therapist-client relationship that is not authoritative and that gently invites clients to
explore their thoughts, “experiment” with new ways of acting/coping. Collaboration and
socratic methods are important in CBT.

POST MODERN THERAPIES

SFBT
Solution focused therapy is by nature brief and focuses only on solving the client’s
presenting problem. This approach does not include assessment of causes of the
presenting problem, but rather is future-focused with the goal of helping the client to
envision the future that they desire. The Miracle question poses to the client the
following scenario: “If a miracle occurred last night and your problem was solved, how
would you know it was solved? what would be different? “ This question opens the client
up to future possibilities, which often allows the client to discover potential solutions.

The underlying assumption is that clients possesses the tools and the ability to find their
own solutions to their problems, they just need guidance to discover these options for
themselves. In this therapy, we look for “exceptions” or times in their life when the
problem did not exist or was minimal. What was different in their life when the problem
did not exist or did not bother them? One weakness to this approach is that only the
presented problem is addressed, while underlying or contributing issues may remain
unresolved, which could lead to emergence of additional problems due to the root cause
not being addressed. Strengths include the short duration of treatment and emphasis on
future-focused active solutions.