One of the peer-reviewed article is “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making”, by…

One of the peer-reviewed article is “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making”, by Fredrick, S. (2005).
Threat to external validity: Hawthorne Effect
The research is susceptible to the Hawthorne Effect. It could be that the participants of the study do not actively use cognitive reflection in their everyday life but start paying more attention as they become aware that they are being tested.This can influence what the study is actually trying to determine.
Problems with the Hawthorne Effect
The Hawthorne Effect often leads to short-term improvements in behavior, which may not be sustained over the long term.
Participants alter their behavior based on their perception of what the observer wants to see. This can distort the research findings and compromise their validity.
Findings influenced by the Hawthorne Effect may not generalize well to real-world situations, as behavior under observation may not accurately reflect how individuals act in their daily lives.
How to remedy the Hawthorne Effect ?
Minimize the presence of observers or make them less conspicuous to reduce the likelihood of participants altering their behavior.
Replicate studies with different groups to validate findings and assess the generalizability of results, taking into account the potential influence of the Hawthorne Effect.
References:
Simkus, J. (2023 July 31). “Internal Vs. External Validity”. Simply Psychology
Cherry, K. (2023, July 6). “How the Hawthorne Effect Works”. Very Well Mind.
Perera, A. (2023 September 7). “Hawthorne Effect: Definition, How It Works, And How To Avoid It”. Simply Psychology
Comment on the articles discussed and address the following:
Discuss which validity threats are most common.
Discuss which validity threats you believe to be the most difficult to deal with.