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please paraphrase this assignment with no plagiarism or ai use, and turn it into a mind map template. **files (1)** – ## Depressiondisorder.docx **## Depressiondisorder.docx** Concept Map Template Primary Diagnosis: ____________________Depression\_\_\_____________…
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please paraphrase this assignment with no plagiarism or ai use, and turn it into a mind map template.
**files (1)**
– ## Depressiondisorder.docx
**## Depressiondisorder.docx**
Concept Map Template
Primary Diagnosis:
____________________Depression\_\_\_____________________________________
1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
| | |
| — | — |
| Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis |
| Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder whose hallmark is a persistent feeling of sadness. The pathophysiology of depression is linked to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain (Boland & Verduin, 2021). The acceptable model for describing the pathophysiology of depression is a deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters particularly norepinephrine and serotonin in the central nervous system (Filatova et al., 2021). The reduction in these neurohormones produces the characteristic syndrome of depressive symptoms. |
| Causes | Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical) |
| 1. Deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters (Filatova et al., 2021)<br>2. Family and genetics<br>3. A decrease in neuroendocrine factors like brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)<br>4. Psychological factors such as life events and environmental stresses<br>5. Certain medications like anticonvulsants, beta blockers, opioids, statins, and anticholinergic drugs (Boland & Verduin, 2021) | a. Family history of depression<br>b. Female gender<br>c. Chronic daily stress<br>d. Low socio-economic status<br>e. Chronic medical illness<br>f. Being single or divorced<br>(Boland & Verduin, 2021) |
2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
| | |
| — | — |
| Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation | How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications? |
| 1. Depressed mood<br>2. Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities<br>3. Decrease or increase in appetite or weight<br>4. Anxiety<br>5. Trouble concentrating<br>6. Trouble sleeping characterized by early morning awakening <br>7. Fatigue<br>8. Suicidal ideation<br>(Boland & Verduin, 2021) | a. Coronary artery disease<br>b. Diabetes mellitus<br>c. Osteoporosis<br>d. Anxiety disorders<br>e. Substance use disorder (Boland & Verduin, 2021) |
3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
| |
| — |
| 1. Bipolar mood disorder with mixed episodes (Boland & Verduin, 2021)<br>2. Medication-induced major depressive disorder<br>3. Hypothyroidism<br>4. Stroke<br>5. Multiple sclerosis<br>6. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
| |
| — |
| 1. Complete blood count with differentials to rule out infectious diseases<br>2. Thyroid function tests to rule out hypothyroidism<br>3. Blood glucose test to rule out hypoglycemia<br>4. Liver function tests to rule out alcohol-induced depression<br>5. HIV test to rule out HIV-encephalitis<br>6. Head Computerized tomography scan (CT scan) to rule out head injury and space occupying lesions. |
6. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
| |
| — |
| 1. Treatments<br>Pharmacological Therapy<br>Antidepressants like:<br>a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Strawn et al., 2022)<br>b. Tricyclic antidepressants<br>c. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors<br>Non-pharmacological therapy<br>a. Cognitive behavioral therapy (Strawn et al., 2022)<br>b. Interpersonal therapy<br>2. Referrals<br>a. Psychiatrist<br>b. Psychologist |
**References**
Boland, R., & Verduin, M. (2021). Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry.
Filatova, E. V., Shadrina, M. I., & Slominsky, P. A. (2021). Major depression: one brain, one disease, one set of intertwined processes.
_Cells_,
_10_(6), 1283.
[https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061283](https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061283)
Strawn, J. R., Mills, J. A., Suresh, V., Peris, T. S., Walkup, J. T., & Croarkin, P. E. (2022). Combining selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy in youth with depression and anxiety.
_Journal of affective disorders_,
_298_, 292-300.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.047](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.047)
**## Depressiondisorder.docx**
Concept Map Template
Primary Diagnosis:
____________________Depression\_\_\_____________________________________
1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
| | |
| — | — |
| Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis |
| Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder whose hallmark is a persistent feeling of sadness. The pathophysiology of depression is linked to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain (Boland & Verduin, 2021). The acceptable model for describing the pathophysiology of depression is a deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters particularly norepinephrine and serotonin in the central nervous system (Filatova et al., 2021). The reduction in these neurohormones produces the characteristic syndrome of depressive symptoms. |
| Causes | Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical) |
| 1. Deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters (Filatova et al., 2021)<br>2. Family and genetics<br>3. A decrease in neuroendocrine factors like brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)<br>4. Psychological factors such as life events and environmental stresses<br>5. Certain medications like anticonvulsants, beta blockers, opioids, statins, and anticholinergic drugs (Boland & Verduin, 2021) | a. Family history of depression<br>b. Female gender<br>c. Chronic daily stress<br>d. Low socio-economic status<br>e. Chronic medical illness<br>f. Being single or divorced<br>(Boland & Verduin, 2021) |
2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
| | |
| — | — |
| Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation | How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications? |
| 1. Depressed mood<br>2. Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all activities<br>3. Decrease or increase in appetite or weight<br>4. Anxiety<br>5. Trouble concentrating<br>6. Trouble sleeping characterized by early morning awakening <br>7. Fatigue<br>8. Suicidal ideation<br>(Boland & Verduin, 2021) | a. Coronary artery disease<br>b. Diabetes mellitus<br>c. Osteoporosis<br>d. Anxiety disorders<br>e. Substance use disorder (Boland & Verduin, 2021) |
3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
| |
| — |
| 1. Bipolar mood disorder with mixed episodes (Boland & Verduin, 2021)<br>2. Medication-induced major depressive disorder<br>3. Hypothyroidism<br>4. Stroke<br>5. Multiple sclerosis<br>6. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
| |
| — |
| 1. Complete blood count with differentials to rule out infectious diseases<br>2. Thyroid function tests to rule out hypothyroidism<br>3. Blood glucose test to rule out hypoglycemia<br>4. Liver function tests to rule out alcohol-induced depression<br>5. HIV test to rule out HIV-encephalitis<br>6. Head Computerized tomography scan (CT scan) to rule out head injury and space occupying lesions. |
6. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
| |
| — |
| 1. Treatments<br>Pharmacological Therapy<br>Antidepressants like:<br>a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Strawn et al., 2022)<br>b. Tricyclic antidepressants<br>c. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors<br>Non-pharmacological therapy<br>a. Cognitive behavioral therapy (Strawn et al., 2022)<br>b. Interpersonal therapy<br>2. Referrals<br>a. Psychiatrist<br>b. Psychologist |
**References**
Boland, R., & Verduin, M. (2021). Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry.
Filatova, E. V., Shadrina, M. I., & Slominsky, P. A. (2021). Major depression: one brain, one disease, one set of intertwined processes.
_Cells_,
_10_(6), 1283.
[https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061283](https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061283)
Strawn, J. R., Mills, J. A., Suresh, V., Peris, T. S., Walkup, J. T., & Croarkin, P. E. (2022). Combining selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy in youth with depression and anxiety.
_Journal of affective disorders_,
_298_, 292-300.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.047](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.047)
